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Read “Travels of Marco Polo Assignment” The Travels of Marco Polo (1818). Translated by W. Marsden and rendered into modern English by A. J. Andrea. Marco Polo was the son of an Italian merchant who traveled the Silk Road to Mongol China in the year 1275. A gifted linguist and master of four languages, Marco Polo was appointed by emperor Kublai Khan as an official in the Privy Council in 1277 and for three years he was a tax inspector in Yanzhou, a city on the Grand Canal near the northeastern coast. He also visited Karakorum, the old capital of the original Mongol empire. Marco Polo stayed in Khan’s court for seventeen years, acquiring great wealth in gold and jewelry. Reportedly, Marco Polo kept a detailed dairy about his travels and his experiences in China. He recalled in great detail the moment when he and other members of his family first met the Emperor Kublai Khan: “They knelt before him and made obeisance with the utmost humility. The Great Khan bade them rise and received them honorably and entertained them with good cheer. He asked many questions about their condition and how they fared after their departure . . . Then they presented the privileges and letters which the Pope had sent, with which he was greatly pleased, and handed over the holy oil, which he received with joy and prized very highly.” Marco Polo’s account of his life under the Mongols and his personal experience in China’s Yuan Dynasty caused both curiosity and doubts among Westerners. Many questioned the validity of his records, wondering if he had ever reached China. The controversy led to a book in 1995 entitled Did Marco Polo Go to China? by Frances Wood, head of Chinese Studies at the British Library. Wood argued that Marco Polo probably only went as far as Constantinople, where he gathered information on China from Arabs and Persians who returned from their China trip. “It is their custom that the bodies of all deceased grand khans and other great lords from the family of Chinggis Khan are carried for internment to a great mountain called Altai. No matter where they might die, even if it is a hundred days’ journey away, they nevertheless are brought here for burial. It is also their custom that, in the process of conveying the bodies of these princes, the escort party sacrifices whatever persons they happen to meet along the route, saying to them: “Depart for the next world and there serve your deceased master.” They believe that all whom they kill in this manner will become his servants in the next life. They do the same with horses, killing all the best, so that the dead lord might use them in the next world. When the corpse of Mongke Khan was transported to this mountain, the horsemen who accompanied it slew upward of 20,000 people along the way. Now that I have begun speaking about the Tartars, I will tell you more about them. They never remain fixed in one location. As winter approaches they move to the plains of a warmer region in order to find sufficient pasturage for their animals. In summer they inhabit cool regions in the mountains where there is water and grass and their animals are free of the annoyance of gad-flies and other biting insects. They spend two or three months progressively climbing higher and grazing as they ascend, because the grass is not sufficient in any one spot to feed their extensive herds. Their huts, or tents, are circular and formed by covering a wooden frame with felt. These they transport on four-wheeled carts wherever they travel, since the framework is so well put together that it is light to carry. Whenever they set their huts up, the entrance always faces south. They also have excellent two-wheeled vehicles so well covered with black felt that, no matter how long it rains, rain never penetrates. These are drawn by oxen and camels and serve to carry their wives, children, and all necessary utensils and provisions. It is the women who tend to their commercial concerns, buying and selling, and who tend to all the needs of their husbands and households. The men devote their time totally to hunting, hawking, and warfare. They have the best falcons in the world, as well as the best dogs. They subsist totally on meat and milk, eating the produce of their hunting, especially a certain small animal, somewhat like a hare, which our people call Pharaoh’s rats, which are abundant on the steppes in summer. They likewise eat every manner of animal: horses, camels, even dogs, provided they are fat. They drink mare’s milk, which they prepare in such a way that it has the qualities and taste of white wine. In their language they call it kemurs. Their women are unexcelled in the world so far as their chastity and decency of conduct are concerned, and also in regard to their love and devotion toward their husbands. They regard marital infidelity as a vice which is not simply dishonorable but odious by its very nature. Even if there are ten or twenty women in a household, they live in harmony and highly praiseworthy concord, so that no offensive word is ever spoken. They devote full attention to their tasks and domestic duties, such as preparing the family’s food, managing the servants, and caring for the children, whom they raise in common. The wives’ virtues of modesty and chastity are all the more praiseworthy because the men are allowed to wed as many women as they please. The expense to the husband for his wives is not that great, but the benefit he derives from their trading and from the work in which they are constantly employed is considerable. For this reason, when he marries he pays a dowry to his wife’s parents. The first wife holds the primary place in the household and is reckoned to be the husband’s most legitimate wife, and this status extends to her children. Because of their unlimited number of wives, their offspring is more numerous than that of any other people. When a father dies, his son may take all of his deceased father’s wives, with the exception of his own mother. They also cannot marry their sisters, but upon a brother’s death they may marry their sisters-in-law. Every marriage is solemnized with great ceremony. This is what they believe. They believe in an exalted god of heaven, to whom they burn incense and offer up prayers for sound mind and body. They also worship a god called Natigay, whose image, covered with felt or other cloth, is kept in everyone’s house. They associate a wife and children with this god, placing the wife on his left side and the children before him. . . . They consider Natigay as the god who presides over their earthly concerns, protecting their children, their cattle, and their grain. They show him great respect. Before eating they always take a fat portion of meat and smear the idol’s mouth with it, as well as the mouths of his wife and children. Then they take some of the broth in which the meat has been cooked and pour it outside, as an offering. When this has been done they believe that their god and his family have had their proper share. The Tartars then proceed to eat and drink without further ceremony. The rich among these people dress in gold cloth and silks and the furs of sable, ermine, and other animals. All their accouterments are expensive. Their weapons are bows, iron maces, and in some instances, spears. The bow, however, is the weapon at which they are the most expert, being accustomed to use it in their sports from childhood. They wear armor made from the hides of buffalo and other beasts, fire-dried and thus hard and strong. They are brave warriors, almost to the point of desperation, placing little value on their lives, and exposing themselves without hesitation to every sort of danger. They are cruel by nature. They are capable of undergoing every manner of privation, and when it is necessary, they can live for a month on the milk of their mares and the wild animals they catch. Their horses feed on grass alone and do not require barley or other grain. The men are trained to remain on horseback for two days and two nights without dismounting, sleeping in the saddle while the horse grazes. No people on the earth can surpass them in th
eir ability to endure hardships, and no other people shows greater patience in the face of every sort of deprivation. They are most obedient to their chiefs, and are maintained at small expense. These qualities, which are so essential to a soldier’s formation, make them fit to subdue the world, which in fact they have largely done. When one of the great Tartar chiefs goes to war, he puts himself at the head of an army of 100,000 horsemen and organizes them in the following manner. He appoints an officer to command every ten men and others to command groups of 100, 1,000, and 10,000 men respectively. Thus ten of the officers who command ten men take their orders from an officer who commands 100; ten of these captains of a 100 take their orders from an officer in charge of a 1,000; and ten of these officers take orders from one who commands 10,000. By this arrangement, each officer has to manage only ten men or ten bodies of men. . . . When the army goes into the field, a body of 200 men is sent two days’ march in advance, and parties are stationed on each flank and in the rear, to prevent surprise attack. When they are setting out on a long expedition, they carry little with them. . . . They subsist for the most part on mare’s milk, as has been said. . . . Should circumstances require speed, they can ride for ten days without lighting a fire or taking a hot meal. During this time they subsist on the blood drawn from their horses, each man opening a vein and drinking the blood. They also have dried milk. . . . When setting off on an expedition, each man takes about ten pounds. Every morning they put about half a pound of this into a leather flask, with as much water as necessary. As they ride, the motion violently shakes the contents, producing a thin porridge which they take as dinner. . . . All that I have told you here concerns the original customs of the Tartar lords. Today, however, they are corrupted. Those who live in China have adopted the customs of the idol worshippers, and those who inhabit the eastern provinces have adopted the ways of the Muslims.” Answer the following questions 1 through 5 in a Word document (following MLA guidelines). 1) From Marco Polo’s discussion, can you tell if he himself could identify the difference between the Chinese culture and the Mongol culture? Are his views toward Mongol rule positive or negative? (Cite evidence from the document to support your analysis) 2) What was the status of women under the Mongols? (Cite evidence from the document to support your analysis) 3) Do you get the impression from Marco Polo’s accounts that the Mongols changed the Chinese traditions to any great extent? 4) What can be considered as Marco Polo’s summary of the factors that could have contributed to the Mongols’ success in governing? 5) What is Marco Polo’s implication, toward the end of his writing, of possible reasons for the fall of the Mongol Empire? (Cite evidence from the document to support your analysis)

Read “Two Views of the Crusades” The Pope Calls on Christians to Wage a Holy War FULCHER OF CHARTRES, From a History of the Expedition to Jerusalem: The Call for Crusade (ca. 1100– 1127) The Frenchman (Frank) Fulcher of Chartres (ca. 1059–1127) was an eyewitness to the First Crusade and its aftermath. He traveled with the crusade across Asia Minor and participated in the siege of Edessa. When his lord, Baldwin I, became king of Jerusalem, Fulcher moved to Jerusalem and probably continued writing until his death. This passage describes Pope Urban II’s call to Christians to go on crusade to the Holy Land, the place where Jesus lived. Fulcher may have been present at this event, but he does not explicitly say so. Frances Rita Ryan, trans., Harold S. Fink, ed., Fulcher of Chartres: A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1095–1127 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1969), 61–62, 65–67. The Council Held at Clermont. In the year 1095 after the Incarnation of Our Lord, while Henry the so-called emperor was reigning in Germany and King Philip in France, evils of all kinds multiplied throughout Europe because of vacillating faith. Pope Urban II then ruled in the city of Rome. He was a man admirable in life and habits who strove prudently and vigorously to raise the status of Holy Church ever higher and higher. Moreover he saw the faith of Christendom excessively trampled upon by all, by the clergy as well as by the laity, and peace totally disregarded, for the princes of the lands were incessantly at war quarreling with someone or other. He saw that people stole worldly goods from one another, that many captives were taken unjustly and were most barbarously cast into foul prisons and ransomed for excessive prices, or tormented there by three evils, namely hunger, thirst, and cold, and secretly put to death, that holy places were violated, monasteries and villas consumed by fire, nothing mortal spared, and things human and divine held in derision. When he heard that the interior part of Romania [modern Turkey] had been occupied by the Turks and the Christians subdued by a ferociously destructive invasion, Urban, greatly moved by compassionate piety and by the prompting of God’s love, crossed the mountains and descended into Gaul and caused a council to be assembled in Auvergne at Clermont, as the city is called. This council, appropriately announced by messengers in all directions, consisted of 310 members, bishops as well as abbots carrying the crozier [staff of office]. On the appointed day Urban gathered them around himself and in an eloquent address carefully made known the purpose of the meeting. In the sorrowing voice of a suffering church he told of its great tribulation. He delivered an elaborate sermon concerning the many raging tempests of this world in which the faith had been degraded as was said above. Then as a suppliant he exhorted all to resume the powers of their faith and arouse in themselves a fierce determination to overcome the machinations of the devil, and to try fully to restore Holy Church, cruelly weakened by the wicked, to its honorable status as of old. . . . Urban’s Exhortation Concerning a Pilgrimage to Jerusalem. When these and many other matters were satisfactorily settled, all those present, clergy and people alike, spontaneously gave thanks to God for the words of the Lord Pope Urban and promised him faithfully that his decrees would be well kept. But the pope added at once that another tribulation not less but greater than that already mentioned, even of the worst nature, was besetting Christianity from another part of the world. He said, “Since, oh sons of God, you have promised Him to keep peace among yourselves and to faithfully sustain the rights of Holy Church more sincerely than before, there still remains for you, newly aroused by Godly correction, an urgent task which belongs to both you and God, in which you can show the strength of your good will. For you must hasten to carry aid to your brethren dwelling in the East, who need your help for which they have often entreated. “For the Turks, a Persian people, have attacked them, as many of you already know, and have advanced as far into Roman territory as that part of the Mediterranean which is called the Arm of St. George. They have seized more and more of the lands of the Christians, have already defeated them in seven times as many battles, killed or captured many people, have destroyed churches, and have devastated the kingdom of God. If you allow them to continue much longer they will conquer God’s faithful people much more extensively. “Wherefore with earnest prayer I, not I, but God exhorts you as heralds of Christ to repeatedly urge men of all ranks whatsoever, knights as well as foot-soldiers, rich and poor, to hasten to exterminate this vile race from our lands and to aid the Christian inhabitants in time. “I address those present; I proclaim it to those absent; moreover Christ commands it. For all those going thither there will be remission of sins if they come to the end of this fettered life while either marching by land or crossing by sea, or in fighting the pagans. This I grant to all who go, through the power vested in me by God. “Oh what a disgrace if a race so despicable, degenerate, and enslaved by demons should thus overcome a people endowed with faith in Almighty God and resplendent in the name of Christ! Oh what reproaches will be charged against you by the Lord Himself if you have not helped those who are counted like yourselves of the Christian faith! “Let those,” he said, “who are accustomed to wantonly wage private war against the faithful march upon the infidels in a war which should be begun now and be finished in victory. Let those who have long been robbers now be soldiers of Christ. Let those who once fought against brothers and relatives now rightfully fight against barbarians. Let those who have been hirelings for a few pieces of silver [Matt. 27:3] now attain an eternal reward. Let those who have been exhausting themselves to the detriment of body and soul now labor for a double glory. Yea on the one hand will be the sad and the poor, on the other the joyous and the wealthy; here the enemies of the Lord, there His friends. “Let nothing delay those who are going to go. Let them settle their affairs, collect money, and when winter has ended and spring has come, zealously undertake the journey under the guidance of the Lord.” A Muslim View of the Franks ZAKARIYa AL-QAZWINI, From Monuments of the Lands: An Islamic View of the West (1275–1276) Zakariya al-Qazwini (1203–1283), born in Persia, served as a professor of Islamic law and cultivated interests in astronomy and geography. A prolific writer, he is best known for two works: Wonders of the Created Things and Monuments of the Lands (Athar al-bilad). Monuments is a geographic text compiled from other sources, which suggests that al-Qazwini did not actually visit many of the peoples and places that he writes about. In this passage, he describes “Frank-land,” as the Muslims called western Europe, in the aftermath of the Crusades. Source: Zakariya al-Qazwini, Islam from the Prophet Muhammed to the Capture of Constantinople, ed. and trans. Bernard Lewis, vol. 2: Religion and Society (New York: Walker, 1987), 123. Frank-land, a mighty land and a broad kingdom in the realms of the Christians. Its cold is very great, and its air is thick because of the extreme cold. It is full of good things and fruits and crops, rich in rivers, plentiful of produce, possessing tillage and cattle, trees and honey. There is a wide variety of game there and also silver mines. They forge very sharp swords there, and the swords of Frank-land are keener than the swords of India. Its people are Christians, and they have a king possessing courage, great numbers, and power to rule. He has two or three cities on the shore of the sea on this side,1 in the midst of the lands of Islam, and he protects them from his side. Whenever the Muslims send forces to them to capture them, he sends forces from his side to defend them. His soldiers are of
mighty courage and in the hour of combat do not even think of flight, rather preferring death. But you shall see none more filthy than they. They are a people of perfidy and mean character. They do not cleanse or bathe themselves more than once or twice a year, and then in cold water, and they do not wash their garments from the time they put them on until they fall to pieces. They shave their beards, and after shaving they sprout only a revolting stubble. One of them was asked as to the shaving of the beard, and he said, “Hair is a superfluity. You remove it from your private parts, so why should we leave it on our faces?” Answer the following questions 1 through 7 in a Word document (following MLA guidelines). In order to receive credit for this assignment, post a response that is at least 150 words in length. 1) According to Fulcher, what was the political situation in Europe and the Middle East in the years before 1095 CE? Cite specific evidence from the documents. 2) What implicit explanation does he offer for the pope’s decision to convene a council at Clermont? Cite specific evidence from the documents. 3) How did the pope describe the Muslim Turks? What connection did he make between this characterization and the necessity of a crusade? 4) Given the fact that events in the Holy Land posed no direct threat to western Europe, what motives likely lay behind the pope’s call for a crusade? Why did so many European elites heed his call? 5) How does al-Qazwini describe the Frankish lands? How does he describe the Frankish people? Cite specific evidence from the documents. 6) What light does al-Qazwini’s description of the Franks shed on Muslim views of the Crusades? 7) How might al-Qazwini have characterized the Crusades? As a mighty clash of cultures or as a footnote to the larger history of the Islamic world? Explain your reasoning.

The Proposal: In at least 500 words, tell me your plan. 1) What is your theme of topic? 2) Why did you select that theme or topic? 3) Describe, in detail, the two assignments you will use, 4) Include at least five specific sources (at least two of which cannot be the textbooks, American Perspectives, or my lectures). Be detailed. Potential themes of topics can be found in Attachment A of the syllabus. You must focus your theme sufficiently so that you can cover the topic in the parameters of the assignments. Every assignment will include a Bibliography page. A bibliography is a list of sources used, alphabetically, by the last name of the author. For example: THIS IS THE ARTICLE FOR THE READINGS AND CITATIONS. http://sageamericanhistory.net/twenties_depr_newdeal/index.html http://sageamericanhistory.net/worldpower/index.html http://historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnwarhea14.html http://historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnselhel15.html other followings: Citations: For the majority of assignments you will use is the Chicago Manual of Style. CMS is a footnote style used in History classes. An e handout entitled “How to Cite” is part of your reading assignment in the “How to Pass” module. A few assignments have you using a parenthetical citation method. Students who fail to cite using the required method will receive a grade of 69 or lower. Students who fail to cite at all will be given a 59 or lower. See definitions of grades below.

5-7 pages, 3-5 scholarly sources. either MLA or APA, citation page required. due tomorrow night. What is medical malpractice? Ethics regarding malpractice and thesis statement. How important is the Physician-patient relationship? Malpractice from a physicians point of view and defensive medicine How to lower the number of deaths a year due to medical malpractice Who ends up paying for the hospital bill after a malpractice or error has occured? How should the judge/lawyers decide how much should be awarded for malpractice? Should the patient get extra financial assistance? Is it ethical to settle cases outside of court? Health care professionals prefer to settle outside of court so that he or she will not lose creditability by being reported to the medical board. The information is open and available for the public to see the lawsuits and claims. NJ STATE board of dentistry NJ STATE medical board Too much time involvement in the court and away from work for both the plaintiff and the defendant. What is the future in the health care industry? Conclusion: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3070906/ http://www.nbcnews.com/id/23341360/ns/health-health_care/t/patients-still-stuck-bill-medical-errors/#.WSoe61KZNmB www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ heart, lung, and blood institute www.a-r-m.org association for responsible medicine www.americasdoctor.com America’s doctors www.acc.org American College of Cardiology www.bcm.tmc.edu/ethics Center for Medical Ethics and Health Policy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXvdO3VEZdw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeqNPFOFqOM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lu-HcylvuU8

Use the PRECEDE-PROCEED model to describe how you might implement an intervention that aims to increase condom use by men for HIV prevention purposes. For this Health Essay : 1. Provide a background on the health issue and its importance in the field of public health. 2. Describe the assessment activities for each phase. Keep in mind that this assignment focuses on the implementation of an intervention. 3. Your paper should be three pages in length (excluding cover page and reference page), and should have at least three references. 4. Use APA (6th ed.) format to style your paper and to cite your sources. Your sources should be integrated into the paragraphs. Use internal citations pointing to evidence in the literature and supporting your ideas. You will need to include a reference page listing those sources.

Detailed Outline Introduction: • Explains the spatial syntax theory  The origin of space syntax analysis  The basics of the space syntax method  Main application and objectives of space syntax analysis • key points of my essay  Spatial design importance  relationship between space and human experience  How space creates a pathway to museum visitors Body: • Discuss impact of spatial design on visitors experience  spatial layout as one of the most powerful curatorial tools available  attention and memory measured as a means of establishing whether or not the gallery fulfils its function as a space for contemplating art  some spatial characteristics of an exhibition can inhibit the recall of pictures and shift the focus to perceptual salience of the artworks • Illustrate different approaches to spatial design  potential conflict between avant-garde spatial design and exhibitions such that architecture “interferes” with the experience of the art on display  how museum spaces in the 19th century functioned as spaces for education, cultivation, and, to an extent, supervision  treats art museum space from an historical perspective with a focus on the relation between exhibition, space, and visitors • Compare visitors experiences after visiting various museums with different spatial layout  ” museum objects speak with many meanings and in many combinations. They change with backdrop and grow with use.”  placing an artwork in a different spatial setting changes the artwork’s contents and meanings as they appear to the viewer • Analyse spatial layout’s importance to the museums atmosphere  The relationship between spatial design and exhibition contents Conclusion: • summarise my findings • explain the importance of this research • providing suggestions and recommendation for further research

Natural History Timeline/ Reflection Assignment. Considering your life history, identify 5-7 meaningful experiences/encounters you have had in the natural world both that have shaped you into the person you are today. In each describe as Annie Dillard does in “Handed my own Life” the lesson you learned from that experience. Create a personal Multimodal Natural History Timeline- an autobiographical overview in vignettes. Add visual text, music in a Prezi, PowerPoint, Newsletter, brochure, booklet.. The second part of this assignment is a two-page, single-spaced letter to your reader/viewer reflecting on your experiences and how they have impacted/reflect/build your identity as well as your process in creating this document. Only the Second Part (reflection essay).

use the book “the cellist of sarajevo by steven galloway” to answer the question: What does the text suggest to you about an individuals capacity for self-sacrifice in the face of compelling circumstances. choose the character arrow to answer the question

Before starting the discussion read the following Required Supplemental Reading Material (links also posted in Blackboard Lectures.) COMMUNICATING WITH YOUR MANAGER Week 5.a: How to talk so your boss will listen http://money.usnews.com/money/blogs/outside-voices-careers/2013/08/19/how-to-talk-so-your-boss-will-listen COMMUNICATING WITH EXECUTIVES Week 5.b: Simple Rules for communicating with executives http://www.bizjournals.com/denver/stories/2003/06/30/smallb4.html?page=all When you have read the above articles: Write a summary of what you have learned from the articles; what you agreed (or disagreed with) and so on. ADD this summary at the end of your Week five Assignment and post as one file to Turnitin. Discuss (talk about) the reading material with your fellow students. You can talk about what you learned from the articles; what you liked; what you did not like; what the authors missed in their article; how the articles relate to your experience and so on. When I read your discussions I want to see evidence that you have actually read the material and that you truly understand what you read and how it applied to the real world business environment. Please, if you use other sources other than the textbook (Bussines Communication) you must reference the work.

Please answer both of the following Forum Questions: 1. Incorporating the assumptions of one of the below learning theories (also feel free to research the online library, Internet etc for information on these two theories), make an argument either for or against the insanity defense, that is, should it be allowed and or abolished…and specifically why? Learning Theories: – Social Learning Theory – Sutherlands Differential Association Theory 2. Do you believe that ecological approaches have a valid place in contemporary criminological thinking? Specifically…why or why not? LO1. Analyze the main assumptions of prominent theories within criminology (e.g., Strain Theory, Classical Criminology, Learning Theory, Labeling Theory, Rational Choice Theory, and others) to current topics within the criminal justice arena Instructions: The response to each question should be a “minimum” of 500 words of content (does not count references and or restating a question) and include “at least” two properly referenced sources, in accordance with APA 6th edition