1.What term reflects the highest legitimate authority of a nation?
2.What document identifies both the powers of government and rights of the individual.
3.The US government divides power among the federal government and between levels of government. What do we call the division of power at the national level and the division of power among the federal, state, and local governments?
4.What specific provision of the Constitution reserves powers not enumerated to federal government to the states and the people?
5.What provision of the Constitution reflects the people’s right to change it?
6.The framers sought to protect minorities. Which minority were they most concerned with?
7.What are the Constitutional provisions that limit the exercise of arbitrary and unaccountable power?
8.What role of provides an advantage to select businesses over foreign completion?
9.What is the primary difference between Parliamentary democracy and Presidential democracy
10.List 3 democratic values in the Declaration of Independence?
National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center (NCCIC)
Instructions: The National Cybersecurity and Communications Integration Center (NCCIC) brings industry and government together to share information about cyber threats and cyber attacks and coordinate incident response.
*What role should government have in actually securing private sector networks?
*Should it be limited to sharing information with industry, or should federal government agencies or the military be deployed to actually defend private sector networks?
Provide a simple conclusion.
Thanks!
Number of Pages: 2 Pages
Deadline: 2 days
Academic Level: Post-graduate
Paper Format: APA
Transforming the Organization
Case Study 1: Transforming the Organization
Due Week 5 and worth 175 points
Congratulations! The executives are taking your information system proposal seriously. In fact, they think it has the potential to transform the way the organization works.
The CIO asked you to read Connelly (2016) to think about what resources you’ll need to get your new information system up and running. Please also review the five case studies in (Basu 2015, p. 32-35) so you can recommend a change management pattern for your company to follow.
Write a memo to the CIO that describes how to implement your information system into the organization. Please focus on these topics:
1. How much of the implementation work can you handle? What additional resources (people, information, time, money, etc.) will expedite the process so you don’t end up like Susie Jeffer?
2. Outline a change management strategy: What new equipment and software are necessary? What training and support will the staff need? How will the staff complete their work during the transition period? Do you anticipate other areas of resistance?
3. The CIO is very skeptical, so provide evidence that your assessment is accurate and complete. It can be difficult to admit to personal limitations!
Your memo should be 3–5 pages long.
References:
Basu, K. K. (2015). The Leader’s Role in Managing Change: Five Cases of Technology-Enabled Business Transformation. Global Business & Organizational Excellence, 34(3), 28-42. doi:10.1002/joe.21602.
Connelly, B., Dalton, T., Murphy, D., Rosales, D., Sudlow, D., & Havelka, D. (2016). Too Much of a Good Thing: User Leadership at TPAC. Information Systems Education Journal, 14(2), 34-42.
shopping and commerical activites
Customers use mobile devices for a wide range of shopping and commerical activites. Mobile devices are becoming an attractive way to pay for products or conduct banking. Select an organization with which you regularly do business but not one you have used in a previous discussion.
- Describe the benefits this organization provides through its mobile computing options.
- What risks most concern you in using this app? How would you mitigate these risks?
Separation of Church and State
Read the following article and discuss in no less than 100 words, the issues and opinions of Separation of Church and State:
How to Respond to “Separation of Church and State.”
We’ve all heard the phrase “separation of Church and State.” It is one of the best-known but least understood phrases in America today. It expresses the belief that there should be a wall of separation between one’s personal faith and any display of that faith in public. In America we advocate freedom of religion, yet if a teacher places a Bible on her desk, 1 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. if a student bows his head to pray in school, 2 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. or cheerleaders display Bible verses on their posters, 3 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. they are accused of violating separation of church and state – of “subjecting” those around them to their faith.
As Christians, we must know how to respond (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
. Do we know the history behind the phrase? Do we know our rights? Do we know our Founding Fathers’ intentions with the phrase?
Here are some simple ways we can respond so that we do not fall prey to the silencing of freedom of religion in the public square.
1. Where does the phrase “Separation of Church and State” originate? 4 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
The concept of separation of Church and state actually originates in the Bible, where God created three institutions. In Genesis, God established the institution of family by creating male and female and placing them together in a lifelong union. Next came the institution of civil government to address our relationship with our fellow man. The final institution addressed our relationship with God, and was the creation of the temple, or the Church.
When God’s people left Egypt, God had them establish their own nation. At that time, God placed Moses over government and civil affairs and Aaron over spiritual ones, thus separating those two roles and jurisdictions. Neither excluded God from its operation, but each was to be headed and run by a different individual and not the same person. Later in the Bible when King Uzziah tried to combine the two institutions and serve as both a King and a Priest, God sovereignly weighed in and made clear that He did not want the same individual running both institutions together.
But in 391 AD, Emperor Theodosius combined both Church and State, and for the next twelve centuries, the State was in charge of the Church. The government decided what the official Church doctrines would be, and it punished violators who disagreed with those positions, not allowing them to practice their faith. There was a state-established Church, with the Church becoming an official arm of the State and with it being run by church officials appointed by the government. In the 1500s during the Reformation, those who followed the Bible began to call for a return to a Biblical separation of Church and State so that the government would no longer control or prohibit religious activities.
The early colonists who came to America brought this view with them, and in America they made sure that the government, or the State, could not control or limit religious beliefs or activities. This was their understanding of the separation of Church and State.
The phrase “separation of Church and State” cannot be found in the Constitution or the Declaration of Independence. In fact, it is not found in any of our nation’s founding documents. Related to government, the phrase first appeared in a letter written by Thomas Jefferson to the Danbury Baptist Association of Connecticut in 1801. 5 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
Thomas Jefferson had worked very hard to separate the Anglican Church from the government in his home state of Virginia so that all other denominations could practice their faith without government penalty or persecution. Jefferson contributed to ending government-run religion in his state, so when he became president of the United States, the Baptists and those from other denominations were his strong supporters because he had fought for their freedom of religion – for their right to be free from state control in matters of faith.
The Danbury Baptists wrote Thomas Jefferson expressing their concern that the government might try to regulate their religious expression. In response, Jefferson wrote his now famous letter, using the phrase “Separation of Church and State” to reassure the Danbury Baptists that the First Amendment prohibited the government from trying to control religious expression. In short, the First Amendment was intended to keep government out of regulating religion, but it did not keep religion out of government or the public square.
2. What Does the Constitution Actually Say?
Today, people believe that “separation of Church and State” is in the First Amendment of the Constitution. But in the First Amendment the Constitution says, “Congress shall make no law…”
First Amendment:
“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.”
The famous separation phrase appears nowhere in that Amendment, or in the Constitution.
So we must ask the question: How does a student praying over his lunch mean the same thing as Congress making a law? The answer: it doesn’t. The First Amendment meant Congress is limited from setting up a national denomination and Congress is limited from prohibiting the free exercise of religion. The First Amendment does not limit faith or the people, only the government.
The First Amendment was created by America’s Founders because of their desire to avoid something like the government-run Church of England. In fact, it was not just the government of England they longed to be different from, but they were also striving to be different from the way that churches and government had operated across most of Europe for the previous thousand years, for most nations at that time had state-established and state-controlled churches.
The Pilgrims, Puritans, and others who settled America wanted to return to God’s original plan of separating the church from government control. That long-standing American desire and practice of freedom of religion was specifically written in the First Amendment.
Here is one of the Bibles (dated 1590) that the Pilgrims and Puritan brought to America with them. 6 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.
The notes in this Bible actually discuss having a separation between government and the church. The Pilgrims therefore set up a system where they would have separate elections for both state leaders and church leaders so that the leaders would be different, rather than the same, as was the practice in England.
3. Faith has been part of American public Society for over 180 years.
Students had been praying over their lunches for over 180 years under the Constitution with no problem, as well as doing other religious activities that were always constitutional.
In fact, we actually have several original sermons from a church that Thomas Jefferson helped facilitate. It was a church that met inside the U.S. Capitol, 7 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. where services were held in the House Chamber every Sunday. Both as Vice President and as President of the United States, Jefferson faithfully attended those church services inside the US Capitol and saw no constitutional problem with them, for Congress was not controlling religion for the entire nation but rather was only allowing religious expressions to occur, which was their constitutional role.
These are sermons preached at the Church that met inside the U.S. Capitol. The first one is on “The Public Worship of God,” and the second is on “The Imperishable and Saving Words of Christ.” Both sermons were preached in the Chamber of the U. S. House of Representatives.
It has only been in recent years that faith has been excluded from public schools, governmental venues, and the public square. Did we just invent separation of church and state? No, the phrase has existed since centuries before Jefferson, but today its meaning has been taken out of context and twisted to mean something entirely different.
This first happened in 1947 when the Supreme Court quoted only one phrase from Jefferson’s short 1801 letter to the Danbury Baptists. The Court claimed that there was to be “a wall of separation between Church and State” and that religious activities could no longer occur in the public square. 8 (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. They took the intent and clear purpose of Jefferson’s letter completely out of context. They did not show his short letter of only three paragraphs and 233 words which contained all the context and explanation but rather lifted a 8-word phrase out of it and remained silent on the rest.
Next time you hear someone claim religion has no place in public because of the “wall of separation,” I hope you’ll remember a few of the key pieces of history that many today have forgotten.
Public Safety Administration
chose at least 4 posting and reply in 75 words for each follow-up response thus include critical analysis, and be supported by the relevant in-text citations and reference sources.
That will be a total of 4 paragraphs
chose any discussion but at least two replies for discussion 1 and two replies for discussion 2
week 1 reply
2/1/2018 Week One Discussion One – PSAD 302 6980 Introduction to Public Safety Administration (2182)
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Pitt – Week 1 Discussion 1 Charles Pitt posted Jan 30, 2018 9:35 PM Subscribe
According to this week’s reading the PSAD Course Guide noted several, Authors, Philosophers and Theorist defining Public administration ranging from the “fulfillment or enforcement of public policy, management of resources to the Five Functions of Management (Introduction to Public Safety Administration, n.d., para . 1).” In answering this question I took the opportunity to research different views regarding this subject matter. For example, the Census Bureau states public safety “comprises the functions of Police protection, Fire protection, Correction, and Protective inspection and regulation” (US Census Bureau, n.d.).
Public Safety Administration is not an easy topic to define, given the complexity and Quantity of people, places and things that would stand to be affected by this very definition, It is not a simple task. When I think of the Public Safety and its Administration, I automatically interpret it into a question, what it is that one is seeking to accomplish as well as to whom would be affected. My first thought goes to, who I consider as “public” Merriam Webster Dictionary defines public as a collective body of people (Webster, n.d.) which I consider to be Households, Communities, Counties and /or State. Secondly, I would take into account what safety and security measures, would be required to protect this body o people. Finally, I would explore what Governing body is responsible for caring for these individuals.
In conclusion: I would define Public Safety Administration as an administrative body that has jurisdiction and oversight for the security, welfare and the responsibility of developing, constructing, and organizing safety measures, policies and procedures to protect all people, in all security situations and circumstances, It would encompass anything having to do with protecting the life, liberty and the well-being of all of its citizens.
References
US Census Bureau’s Federal, State, and Local Governments definitions page. (n.d). Retrieved January 30, 2018, from https://www.census.gov/govs/definitions/
https://learn.umuc.edu/d2l/le/content/261558/viewContent/11588548/View 1/4
Pitt – Week 1 Discussion 1 Charles Pitt posted Jan 30, 2018 9:35 PM Subscribe
According to this week’s reading the PSAD Course Guide noted several, Authors, Philosophers and Theorist defining Public administration ranging from the “fulfillment or enforcement of public policy, management of resources to the Five Functions of Management (Introduction to Public Safety Administration, n.d., para . 1).” In answering this question I took the opportunity to research different views regarding this subject matter. For example, the Census Bureau states public safety “comprises the functions of Police protection, Fire protection, Correction, and Protective inspection and regulation” (US Census Bureau, n.d.).
Public Safety Administration is not an easy topic to define, given the complexity and Quantity of people, places and things that would stand to be affected by this very definition, It is not a simple task. When I think of the Public Safety and its Administration, I automatically interpret it into a question, what it is that one is seeking to accomplish as well as to whom would be affected. My first thought goes to, who I consider as “public” Merriam Webster Dictionary defines public as a collective body of people (Webster, n.d.) which I consider to be Households, Communities, Counties and /or State. Secondly, I would take into account what safety and security measures, would be required to protect this body o people. Finally, I would explore what Governing body is responsible for caring for these individuals.
In conclusion: I would define Public Safety Administration as an administrative body that has jurisdiction and oversight for the security, welfare and the responsibility of developing, constructing, and organizing safety measures, policies and procedures to protect all people, in all security situations and circumstances, It would encompass anything having to do with protecting the life, liberty and the well-being of all of its citizens.
References
US Census Bureau’s Federal, State, and Local Governments definitions page. (n.d). Retrieved January 30, 2018, from https://www.census.gov/govs/definitions/
2/1/2018 Week One Discussion One – PSAD 302 6980 Introduction to Public Safety Administration (2182)
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PSAD 302 Introduction to Public Safety Administration. (n.d.). Retrieved January 30, 2018, from https://learn.umuc.edu/d2l/le/content/261558/viewContent/11588545/Vie w
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Discussion One David Anderson posted Jan 31, 2018 11:50 PM Subscribe
I believe Public Safety Administration is the management that directs and oversees individuals employed by the public to provide safety for the community. Safety can be in many forms, to include EMS, Fire Departments, and Police Departments. The motive behind the policies and procedures developed by Public Safety Administrators are much harder to define. As Neumann describes in his article, “What makes public administration a science? Or, are its “questions” really big”, the relationship of Public Safety Administration and its environment is complex and chaotic.
Public Safety Administrators must develop policy and procedures that are palatable to their employer, the public. Administrators policies change with the opinion of the public. For example, the definition of Use of Force, is different when discussing local, State and Federal. This is because the public that is closest associated with the organization will reevaluate their opinion when an incident occurs. This opinion drives change in policy and procedure, it is the responsibility of Public Administrators to ensure that change in policy and procedure is adhered to by the public employees.
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PSAD 302 Introduction to Public Safety Administration. (n.d.). Retrieved January 30, 2018, from https://learn.umuc.edu/d2l/le/content/261558/viewContent/11588545/Vie w
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Last post yesterday at 10:18 PM by Carl Wertman
Discussion One David Anderson posted Jan 31, 2018 11:50 PM Subscribe
I believe Public Safety Administration is the management that directs and oversees individuals employed by the public to provide safety for the community. Safety can be in many forms, to include EMS, Fire Departments, and Police Departments. The motive behind the policies and procedures developed by Public Safety Administrators are much harder to define. As Neumann describes in his article, “What makes public administration a science? Or, are its “questions” really big”, the relationship of Public Safety Administration and its environment is complex and chaotic.
Public Safety Administrators must develop policy and procedures that are palatable to their employer, the public. Administrators policies change with the opinion of the public. For example, the definition of Use of Force, is different when discussing local, State and Federal. This is because the public that is closest associated with the organization will reevaluate their opinion when an incident occurs. This opinion drives change in policy and procedure, it is the responsibility of Public Administrators to ensure that change in policy and procedure is adhered to by the public employees.
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2/1/2018 Week One Discussion One – PSAD 302 6980 Introduction to Public Safety Administration (2182)
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Week One Discussion One Florita Wesley posted Jan 31, 2018 8:23 PM Subscribe
We face a multitude of threats daily. Of course, I believe that it’s important to implement and
enforce policies and procedures to ensure the public safety of our citizens. Moreover, we as
citizens must take an active role to safeguard public safety as well – for example, “see
something, say something.” In my humble opinion, public safety should not be limited to our
public safety administrators. Therefore, I believe that public safety administration should be
defined as “agencies created to provide protection and guidance to its citizens against imminent
threat, danger or harm.” I generated this definition because as a citizen, I expect a reasonable
level of leadership and protection within our communities from appointed sources. Conversely,
according to the assigned Course Guide (2018) reading, “it is hard to find a single, simple
definition of public safety administration.”
Reference
Course Guide. (2018). UMUC PSAD 302: Introduction to Public Safety Administration[Online serial]. Retrieved from URL.
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week 1 discussion 1 – Greg Daclan Greg Daclan posted Feb 1, 2018 8:13 AM Subscribe
There many definitions of public safety administration, but the one that shall be used for this class is one from Robert A. Cropf, who defined it as “the managerial and political processes that occur in the executive, legislative, and judicial branches for the purposes of creating, implementing, and assessing public policy.” The public policy here refers to as “any decision-making done on behalf of or affecting the public, especially that which is done by government.” This can mean the public safety administration can be described as : a collective group who reviews areas of both physical locations and work guidelines, and checks them to see if they satisfy the guidelines for protecting the lives from both death and injury in those cases.
Reference used:
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Week One Discussion One Florita Wesley posted Jan 31, 2018 8:23 PM Subscribe
We face a multitude of threats daily. Of course, I believe that it’s important to implement and
enforce policies and procedures to ensure the public safety of our citizens. Moreover, we as
citizens must take an active role to safeguard public safety as well – for example, “see
something, say something.” In my humble opinion, public safety should not be limited to our
public safety administrators. Therefore, I believe that public safety administration should be
defined as “agencies created to provide protection and guidance to its citizens against imminent
threat, danger or harm.” I generated this definition because as a citizen, I expect a reasonable
level of leadership and protection within our communities from appointed sources. Conversely,
according to the assigned Course Guide (2018) reading, “it is hard to find a single, simple
definition of public safety administration.”
Reference
Course Guide. (2018). UMUC PSAD 302: Introduction to Public Safety Administration[Online serial]. Retrieved from URL.
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week 1 discussion 1 – Greg Daclan Greg Daclan posted Feb 1, 2018 8:13 AM Subscribe
There many definitions of public safety administration, but the one that shall be used for this class is one from Robert A. Cropf, who defined it as “the managerial and political processes that occur in the executive, legislative, and judicial branches for the purposes of creating, implementing, and assessing public policy.” The public policy here refers to as “any decision-making done on behalf of or affecting the public, especially that which is done by government.” This can mean the public safety administration can be described as : a collective group who reviews areas of both physical locations and work guidelines, and checks them to see if they satisfy the guidelines for protecting the lives from both death and injury in those cases.
Reference used:
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Ray – Week 1 Patrick Ray posted Jan 31, 2018 9:28 PM Subscribe
I would define public safety administration as the carrying out of government policy to insure the safety and well being of the citizens. Public safety administrators work adjacent to the policy makers to administer and enforce developed policies. The responsibility of enforcing policy brings a great burden on the public safety administrators to accurately interrupt the policy and enforce h hil f b i d h iless
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Week 1 Discussion 1 Richard Weldon posted Jan 31, 2018 9:26 AM Subscribe
Public safety administration is the discipline which government, N.P.O., and outside agencies tasked with all matters related to public health, crime prevention, environmental and non-environmental disasters plan, operate, and respond to ensure the highest level of safety of the general public and the organization’s employees.
Public safety administration is interdisciplinary field because it incorporates a number of topics including health, law, criminal justice, emergency management and business. Theoretically, any social institution can be involved in Public Safety administration. For instance, many companies have security departments who are responsible for safety and emergency planning for their employees, customers and other stakeholders. Therefore, a proper definition of Public Safety
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Ray – Week 1 Patrick Ray posted Jan 31, 2018 9:28 PM Subscribe
I would define public safety administration as the carrying out of government policy to insure the safety and well being of the citizens. Public safety administrators work adjacent to the policy makers to administer and enforce developed policies. The responsibility of enforcing policy brings a great burden on the public safety administrators to accurately interrupt the policy and enforce h hil f b i d h iless
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0 Replies
0 Views
Week 1 Discussion 1 Richard Weldon posted Jan 31, 2018 9:26 AM Subscribe
Public safety administration is the discipline which government, N.P.O., and outside agencies tasked with all matters related to public health, crime prevention, environmental and non-environmental disasters plan, operate, and respond to ensure the highest level of safety of the general public and the organization’s employees.
Public safety administration is interdisciplinary field because it incorporates a number of topics including health, law, criminal justice, emergency management and business. Theoretically, any social institution can be involved in Public Safety administration. For instance, many companies have security departments who are responsible for safety and emergency planning for their employees, customers and other stakeholders. Therefore, a proper definition of Public Safety
2/1/2018 Week One Discussion Two – PSAD 302 6980 Introduction to Public Safety Administration (2182)
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Ray: Week 1 Patrick Ray posted Jan 31, 2018 11:23 PM Subscribe
1. Police
2. Fire
3. Life Guards
4. Park Rangers
5. Health and Human Services – The stake holders of health and human services would be those that benefit from there services or receive accolades for their success. Those benefiting would include women and children displaced by violence, homeless, elderly lacking financial stability to name a few. The individuals or groups responsible for enacting policy and providing the services would also be stakeholders.
Reference:
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Week 1 discussion 2 Richard Weldon posted Jan 31, 2018 9:27 AM Subscribe
Within the field of Public Safety there are a number of organizations that operate in each community to accomplish the same goal. Some of these organizations are;
Fire departments- Fire departments are found in almost every community and are tasked with responding to and preventing fire. Most Fire departments are also merged with Rescue Departments. These organizations are tasked with emergency medical response and public safety tasks like vehicle extraction.
Hospitals- Hospitals provide medical care and become extremely important when it comes to mass casualty events.
Police departments- Police are a critical resource in the community. Police are tasked with crime response and prevention. Many Police Departments include
https://learn.umuc.edu/d2l/le/content/261558/viewContent/11588549/View 1/3
Ray: Week 1 Patrick Ray posted Jan 31, 2018 11:23 PM Subscribe
1. Police
2. Fire
3. Life Guards
4. Park Rangers
5. Health and Human Services – The stake holders of health and human services would be those that benefit from there services or receive accolades for their success. Those benefiting would include women and children displaced by violence, homeless, elderly lacking financial stability to name a few. The individuals or groups responsible for enacting policy and providing the services would also be stakeholders.
Reference:
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Week 1 discussion 2 Richard Weldon posted Jan 31, 2018 9:27 AM Subscribe
Within the field of Public Safety there are a number of organizations that operate in each community to accomplish the same goal. Some of these organizations are;
Fire departments- Fire departments are found in almost every community and are tasked with responding to and preventing fire. Most Fire departments are also merged with Rescue Departments. These organizations are tasked with emergency medical response and public safety tasks like vehicle extraction.
Hospitals- Hospitals provide medical care and become extremely important when it comes to mass casualty events.
Police departments- Police are a critical resource in the community. Police are tasked with crime response and prevention. Many Police Departments include
2/1/2018 Week One Discussion Two – PSAD 302 6980 Introduction to Public Safety Administration (2182)
https://learn.umuc.edu/d2l/le/content/261558/viewContent/11588549/View 2/3
special units like intelligence and S.W.A.T.
Jails and Prisons- The correctional system is usually a forgotten department when most consider public safety. Jails and prisons are tasked with protecting the general public from those citizens deemed unfit to reside in our communities as well as rehabilitating those men and woman in order to become contributing members of society.
Emergency management offices-Most county and state governments are or have created offices or departments that are tasked with emergency preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation. These departments are complex because they not only have to manage the development of their own programming but also must coordinate with other departments that would be involved in the event of an emergency.
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Last post yesterday at 10:21 PM by Carl Wertman
Activity 2 Ronald Edhaya posted Jan 31, 2018 5:35 AM Subscribed
Public safety agencies are bodies or institutions commissioned with the tasks of administrating over the concern of public safety and ensure a sense of security or
more
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Week One Discussion Two -Travis Chase Travis Chase posted Jan 31, 2018 7:43 PM Subscribe
1. Fire Department
2. Police Department
3. Hospital
4. Military
5. Office of Unified Communications
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special units like intelligence and S.W.A.T.
Jails and Prisons- The correctional system is usually a forgotten department when most consider public safety. Jails and prisons are tasked with protecting the general public from those citizens deemed unfit to reside in our communities as well as rehabilitating those men and woman in order to become contributing members of society.
Emergency management offices-Most county and state governments are or have created offices or departments that are tasked with emergency preparedness, response, recovery and mitigation. These departments are complex because they not only have to manage the development of their own programming but also must coordinate with other departments that would be involved in the event of an emergency.
h h d ff k b ll h l lless
1 Unread
1 Replies
7 Views
Last post yesterday at 10:21 PM by Carl Wertman
Activity 2 Ronald Edhaya posted Jan 31, 2018 5:35 AM Subscribed
Public safety agencies are bodies or institutions commissioned with the tasks of administrating over the concern of public safety and ensure a sense of security or
more
0 Unread
0 Replies
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Week One Discussion Two -Travis Chase Travis Chase posted Jan 31, 2018 7:43 PM Subscribe
1. Fire Department
2. Police Department
3. Hospital
4. Military
5. Office of Unified Communications
2/1/2018 Week One Discussion Two – PSAD 302 6980 Introduction to Public Safety Administration (2182)
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The Fire Department’s stakeholders are the public. I believe they are the stakeholders because the city residents are the taxpayers who pay a portion of their taxes to fund the local fire department. I believe if the public is funding a portion of the fire department, then they should have a say in the services they receive
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The Fire Department’s stakeholders are the public. I believe they are the stakeholders because the city residents are the taxpayers who pay a portion of their taxes to fund the local fire department. I believe if the public is funding a portion of the fire department, then they should have a say in the services they receive
create a brochure describing due process and the criminal court process
Create a brochure detailing the assignment requirements. (
If you use a brochure template – it is usually 3 panels front and back.
The last part about the hard copies and web site is add a little realism to the assignment. There is no need to actually make hard copies or post on any municipal web site.)
Format your assignment consistent with APA guidelines.
Leader’s Personality Traits
Leader’s Personality Traits This essay is the next opportunity to prepare a section of your research paper, and it focuses on personality traits. For this section, examine the leader’s personality traits by drafting a 500-word essay. Apply the big five model of personality to this leader, identifying which dimensions are strengths and which may be areas of weakness for him or her. Also, apply the leader motive profile theory to examine this leader’s personality profile. (Discuss only the personality traits and the personality profile in this section; leadership behaviors will be the focus in Unit III.)
Use at least two Waldorf Online Library sources to explain the personality traits and personality profile you identified for this leader. The sources may provide information specifically about the leader you selected and his/her personality traits, or the sources may be about specific leadership traits, though not necessarily about the particular leader you selected. These sources will support your assertions as you write about personality traits and the personality profile. Remember to include the appropriate in-text citations and reference citations in APA Style.
Add this essay to the assignment you completed in Unit I, save all of your work in one document, and submit it for grading in Blackboard
federal government
1. The federal government has grown immensely since 1789. Discuss reasons for this growth. Can we expect government to continue to grow? Why? Why not?
2. The Constitution is specific about some features of the relationships between national and state governments and vague about some other features. Give examples of both specific and vague provisions and discuss how the latter have helped Americans adapt the Constitution to changing times.
3. Compare and contrast federalism under FDR, Nixon, Clinton and Bush.
4. Are there still significant state and regional differences? What factors have a homogenizing influence? Are any of the traditional political subcultures intact? Do you think Southerners still resent Northerners and vice-versa?
5. Why is our federal system tilting/moving towards decentralization and fragmentation?
6. Provide examples of the types of federal aid your community/state receives on a day-to-day basis.
Mortgage interest rates
Response PADM-05
Response one PADM-05
Mortgage interest rates are expected to rise considerably in 2018. If the economy grows too fast, The Federal Reserve will have to raise interest rates faster than expected. That could make borrowing money more expensive. If that happens, the likelihood of a recession increases. Not only would this drive up interest rates, but reduce private sector investments and diminish the country’s creditworthiness. When inflation is too low, it can hurt the economy. Businesses get queasy about investing in people and equipment. If prices don’t rise, wages don’t either. But out-of-control inflation can also be harmful. As I see it, the current fiscal path is unsustainable. The Republican tax cuts could not come at a worse time, and I think it will hasten inflation and prematurely bring a recession.
The effectiveness of mortgage interest rates rising is in my opinion, is nonexistent. It is like a dog chasing its own tail. With the passage of the tax reform bill, which essentially lowered the income tax rate, the Federal Reserve raised or is raising mortgage interest rates. So, this essentially takes the money that was saved by paying lower income tax and essentially puts it toward paying the cost associated with a higher mortgage. True, not everyone owns a home. But if you plan to buy one, this will make it considerably more expensive. The efficiency of raising mortgage interest rates is has both equal value and detriment. Keeping mortgage rates low allows more people to afford housing, stimulating the economy. By raising interest rates, the cost of owning a home is more and less people purchase homes, which is a key sign of inflation. Either way, I believe the policy on raising or lowering mortgage interest rates is ethical – the entire point is to maintain a healthy, balanced economy. The equity, or measure of fairness, depends largely on who stands to gain the most. In the case of our current economy, it’s without question that that the restructuring of our tax code largely benefits the ultra wealthy. Had the entire country benefited equally from the tax reforms, then it would have been more equitable. The 2018 tax reform brought little political feasibility, as both political parties were at opposite ends of the restructure. Nonetheless, a compromise was reached. There was little social acceptability or public acceptance from this policy change, and many will end up paying considerably more tax because of it. I believe the administrative feasibility caught citizens off guard. I knew little to nothing of the tax reform until it actually happened. Whatever the case, the government reluctantly came together and enacted the policy. I do not know how technical feasibility plays into all of this, but I could only assume that the Federal Reserve had considerable reservations about the policy due to the fact that inflation will likely rise and mortgage interest rates will go up just because of it.
Links: https://www.express.co.uk/finance/city/902886/world-bank-inflation-interest-western-countries-economic-growth
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2018/01/09/global-economy-set-decade-gloom-world-bank-predicts-recovery/
References
Shapiro, R. (2017). Trump in 2018: What happens when the next recession hits?. Washington: Brookings Institution Press. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/docview/1982588319?accountid=8289
Phil’s stock world: EconMatters expects global recession by 2018 (video) (2016). . Chatham: Newstex. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/docview/1823224390?accountid=8289
Clifford, H. (2017, 07). Preparing for the 2018 recession. Residential Systems, 18, 14-14,4. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/docview/1931239402?accountid=8289
Response two PADM-05
The federal minimum wage was put into law with the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 following a long struggle between progressive politicians, labor activists, conservative politicians, and the courts. The law called for a minimum wage of 40 cents per hour, a maximum work week of 44 hours, and also contained a ban on most child-labor (Grossman, 2017). The Cornell Law School- Legal Information Institute narrowly defined the purpose of the original minimum wage as to “stabilize the post-depression economy and protect the workers in the labor force.” However, it would be wrong to leave the purpose at that narrow definition. Presidents Clinton and Obama both tied the concept of a minimum wage to an idea of human dignity, both outside of the workplace through bringing in a respectable income, and inside the workplace, to establish some minimum level of equity in dignity and respect between coworkers. President Obama declared that the lack of a minimum wage was a violation of the American social pact that if an individual works hard, they can succeed (Rogers, 2014). For our purposes here, a somewhat muddy middle ground encompassing human dignity and achieving a basic standard of living should suffice as a purpose.
The minimum wage is not efficient. As an artificial economic mandate on the price of labor it obscures the actual value of labor that has a multitude of negative effects on the market. This hampers economic growth that would help to improve wages under the correct conditions. The minimum wage destroys jobs in areas stricken by poverty as small business owners cannot afford to purchase labor. The minimum wage additionally harms young, low-skill workers as it makes it unprofitable for businesses to hire and train them because those workers simply are not worth the (current) $7.25 an hour. The unpaid internships that we currently see college students taking to gain workplace experience are largely a result of this dynamic (Lee, 2014). There are certainly more efficient ways for the government to ensure a basic standard of living.
The minimum wage is social and culturally feasible while removing it is not. Lee elaborates two separate types of moralities in his piece on the minimum wage: The magnanimous morality and the mundane morality. The magnanimous morality is the kind of morality and ethic displayed towards people whom we know. It is kind. It is generous. Mundane morality is the set of general principles we all abide by with people we do not know: property rights, privacy, etc. (Lee, 2014). The long-standing place that minimum wage holds in our social consciousness has caused us to view it in terms of magnanimous morality even though, as a system, we might have better results if we viewed it via the mundane morality lens.
The minimum wage is ethical in-so-far as any government mandate is ethical. It is applied evenly (with few exceptions) and it is clearly meant for the betterment of people’s lives. Harm to business interests may be unintended, but not to the extent of negligence. Lower income levels are associated with higher rates of infant mortality and low birth weight (Komro et. Al, 2016). Should the minimum wage be revoked without any kind of replacement, many people would certainly fall into poverty, certainly. Both of these facts make a strong argument that revocation of the minimum wage is unethical.
There are alternatives, however. Economics scholar Daniel Shaviro advocates eliminating the minimum wage and allowing low-wage earners to have a ‘negative income tax’’ (Rogers, 2014). A new idea that is gaining some traction around the world is the concept of a basic universal income. In this model, the government simply pays everyone, regardless of employment a set amount of money over a set period of time. Both of these are possible alternatives to the minimum wage.
Cornell Law School- Legal Information Institute – Minimum Wage. Retrieved from: https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/minimum_wage January 30, 2018.
Grossman, J (2017). Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938: Maximum Struggle for a Minimum Wage. Dept of Labor. Retrieved from: https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/history/flsa1938
Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938: Maximum Struggle for a Minimum Wage
Komro, K. A., Livingston, M. D., Markowitz, S., & Wagenaar, A. C. (2016). The Effect of an Increased Minimum Wage on Infant Mortality and Birth Weight. American Journal Of Public Health, 106(8), 1514-1516. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303268
LEE, D. R. (2014). The Two Moralities of the Minimum Wage. Independent Review, 19(1), 37-46.
Rogers, B. (2014). Justice at Work: Minimum Wage Laws and Social Equality. Texas Law Review, 92(6), 1543-1598.
Response PADM-pol-05
The U.S. economic policy that I chose to analyze is taxation, more specifically, how marginal tax rates are determined. At the most basic level taxes are “what we pay for a civilized society” (U.S. Department of the Treasury, 2018). Taxes are revenue that pays for government services such as national defense, infrastructure, and programs like social security, Medicaid, and other safety net programs. Tax laws are enacted at the federal, local, and state level. There are also several different kinds of taxes, the most common is the federal income tax which funds roughly 33% of all annual government expenditures (Amadeo, 2017). While there are a great many policies that make up federal, state, and local taxation and fiscal policy in general, I will focus on how federal income tax rates are determined. The overall goal of maintaining a healthy economy is achieved by finding a balance between tax rates and public spending (Heakal, 2018). Fiscal policy is used to stimulate sluggish economies by decreasing tax rates, increasing consumer spending money, and increasing government spending by buying services like infrastructure repair. This type of government spending creates jobs and wages that in turn stimulate the economy through consumer purchases (Heakal, 2018). Fiscal policy can also be used to increase taxes in order to curb inflation, this also involves decreasing government spending and the amount of money in circulation (Heakal, 2018).
In my analysis of how federal income tax rates are determined, I will look at equity, social acceptability, and ethics using current marginal tax rates. With a framework of how taxes are used and how they effect the economy as a whole in mind, the equity and ethics of marginal taxation rates can be determined. Income taxes at the most basic level are determined by the amount of income generated during a tax year, brackets with a set percentage are assigned to certain levels of income, resulting in the marginal tax rate. The marginal tax rate is the amount of tax paid on an additional dollar of income, and will increase as income rises. This method of taxation aims to fairly tax individuals based upon their earnings; the lower the income, the lower the tax rate (Investopedia, 2017). I’ll use the 2016 marginal tax brackets, for taxes due in 2017 as an example:
15% Bracket: $9,275 to $37,650
25% Bracket: $37,650 to $91,150
28% Bracket: $91,150 to $190,150
33% Bracket: $190,150 to $413,350
35% Bracket: $413,350 to $415,050
39.6% Bracket: $415,050+
The marginal tax system is designed to be equitable. Another example of tax policy equity is how a moderate increase in income, enough to move just into the next tax bracket, is calculated. “When an increase in income pushes you into a higher tax bracket, you only pay the higher tax rate on the portion of your income that exceeds the income threshold for the next-highest tax bracket” (Investopedia, 2014). Take this example from Investopedia:
“Your annual salary increases from $36,000 to $38,000. Your previous tax rate was 15% or $5400. Many people incorrectly think that whereas they previously paid a tax of 15% of $36,000, or $5,400, leaving them with $30,600 in take-home pay, after their salary increase and tax bracket change, they will pay a tax of 25% on $38,000, or $9,500, leaving them with $28,500 in take-home pay.
However, you pay different tax rates on different portions of your income. The first dollars you earn are taxed at the lowest rate, and the last dollars you earn are taxed at the highest rate. In this case, you paid a 10% tax on the first $9,075 you earned ($907.50). On the remaining $22,975 of income ($32,050 – $9,075), you were paying a 15% tax ($3.446.25). Your total tax was $4,353.75, not $5,400. While your marginal tax rate was 15%, your effective tax rate was lower, at 12% ($4,353.75/$36,000).”
Two other important factors that help determine marginal tax rate are exemptions or tax breaks and filing status, which help determine how much of your income is taxable. Filing status takes into account factors like how many people you support, how many incomes you have, and help determine how much tax you are responsible for.
Where the ethics and equity of the marginal tax rate tends to break down, is at the highest income levels. The Washington Post posits that a “Premium placed on tax efficiency tends to favor the rich.” One of the roles of the federal income tax is to redistribute wealth from the well-off to the poor by using taxes to finance programs like welfare, food-stamps, and low-income housing (Kilborn, 1988). The social acceptability of this concept varies, and it is closely tied to both ethics and equity. Some argue that those who use programs or services the most, should shoulder most of the burden of cost to maintain them. However, in the case of social programs they are utilized the most by those who have the lowest ability to pay. The ability to pay is another core concept in the tax equity argument. The ability to pay principle can be summed up like this: “It is fair for people to pay taxes based on their capability to handle the financial burden. Progressive taxes, such as the individual income tax system in the United States, are based on the ability-to-pay principle. A progressive tax is a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger percentage of their income than do low-income taxpayers. The U.S. individual income tax structure is based on income minus deductions, and the marginal tax rate rises as income rises” (Buck, 1970). It would be both unethical and inefficient to ask a low-income family to pay $1000 in taxes towards programs that they utilize because they cannot afford the necessities of life, this transfer in no way increases their net income (Buck, 1970). Returning to social acceptability, it is closely tied to equity and the perception of fairness. Different tax payers may have differing ideas of what is fair, using income taxes to provide a social safety net may not be perceived as fair to higher income earners who fund social programs but do not utilize them. This argument is often a political one. There are differing ideas among policymakers about the extent of aid that should be provided by the government and how taxes should be used to fund that aid. These ideas often impact whether or not income tax rates and their uses are perceived as equitable, ethical, efficient, and socially acceptable.
References:
U.S. Department of the Treasury. (n.d.). Retrieved January 31, 2018, from https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/faqs/Taxes/Pages/taxes-society.aspx
Amadeo, K. (2017, December). Why Do We Have to Pay Taxes? Retrieved January 31, 2018, from https://www.thebalance.com/why-do-we-pay-taxes-4067684
Heakal, R. (2018, January 11). What is Fiscal Policy? Retrieved January 31, 2018, from https://www.investopedia.com/insights/what-is-fiscal-policy/
Staff, I. (2017, February 16). Marginal Tax Rate. Retrieved January 31, 2018, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marginaltaxrate.asp
Kilborn, P. T. (1988, December 09). Tax System: Efficiency vs. Fairness. Retrieved January 31, 2018, from http://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/10/business/tax-system-efficiency-vs-fairness.html?pagewanted=all
Buck, J. (1970, January 01). Economic Perspectives. Retrieved January 31, 2018, from http://econperspectives.blogspot.com/2008/12/equity-of-tax-system.html
Response for PADMl-05
For my week five forum I decided to provide an analysis on the minimum wage issue in America. Of course as we all know this has been a hot button topic in our society and one that does not seem as if it is going away anytime soon. First and foremost the cost and benefit of raising the minimum wage for the poorest Americans has gone on for years. (Kurtzleben, 2013). As American citizens this is a topic that we ponder on because of our American value system and looking out for our fellow man and woman. Analyzing some numbers 7.25 an hour at 40 hours a week would earn $15,100 per year, while increasing to $9.00 per year would average out to be around 18,700 yearly(Kurtzleben, 2013). Using this argument we must keep in mind the spending trends of less fortunate Americans versus those that are well of. Americans with less money tend to spend more money on everyday items such as necessities that more well of Americans. African Americans spend trillions of dollars clothes, shoes, and other items where some more well of may spend money on these items but have the resources to do so. Poor Americans spend extra money readily than higher earners for items such toothpaste and other necessities (Kurtzleben, 2013). So will increasing the minimum wage provide more money but not address financial literacy? There is also the aspect of a rise in unemployment as employers being forced to higher fewer workers due to the increase in the minimum wage (Kurtzleben, 2013).
Policy Framework
When analyzing the effectiveness of a proposed policy let’s take a look at what effect increasing the minimum wage would have on the economy, the increase in economic activity and job growth. The Economic Policy Institute studied how a rate increase to 7.25 an hour 10.10 an hour would pump 22.1 billion dollars into the economy and create 85,000 new jobs (ProCon, 2018). In addition as we read in regard to the federal reserve bank they back this information by announcing that a 1.75 increase in income would increase household spending by 48 million(ProCon, 2008). Efficiency can be addressed as higher minimum range would reduce government welfare spending (ProCom, 2008). The logic here is that low income individuals look less toward the government for benefits, but take pride in providing for their family. The Center for American Progress reported in 2014 that raising the minimum wage by 6% to 10.10 dollars would reduce spending on the Supplemental Nutrition Program by 6 percent or 4.6 billion(ProCon, 2008). As it relates to equity within the policy framework the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development emphasizes The United States has one of the highest levels of income inequality.(ProCon, 2008). As a civilized country with so many resources to go around it seems unimaginable that we would be on such a list. Equity is one of the key elements of political framework. The success of the whole equals the success of the nation. In 2012 the richest 1percent of the U.S. population earned 22.83 percent of the nation’s total pretax income resulting in the widest gap between the rich and the poor since the 1920’s (ProCon, 2008) Social Feasibility which is a measurement of public acceptance of a proposed policy increasing the minimum wage would increase worker productivity and reduce employee turnover. There are two issues that run parallel here, the more wages increase equals increase in productivity (ProCon, 2018). In 2014 Alan Manning a professor at the London School of Economics summarized that when the minimum wage rises and work becomes more attractive, labor turnover rate and absenteeism tend to decline (ProCon 2008). These are not hard concepts but to put them into action takes a determined leader and detailed studies. . Administrative feasibility which is the ability to implement a proposed policy stands a lot to gain from an administrative standpoint. Raising the minimum wage would increase school attendance and decrease high school dropout Arates (ProCon, 2008). In a 2014 California Study the minimum wage was raised to 13 dollars which increased incomes for families by 7.5 million dollars meaning fewer children in poverty the study goes on to prove that children in poverty miss more school time so by increasing the minimum wage would mean fewer days of school missed by children(ProCon, 2018). This study should give the administrative feasibility a huge boost when it comes to our futures which are our kids. As we look at ethics within the political framework which deals with cultural norms we could change the norm to a new normal. According to ProCon.org increasing the minimum wage would reduce poverty (PrpCcon, 2008). What bigger ethical achievement is there than having the ability to reduce poverty in a wealthy country such as the United States of America? The 2014 Congressional Budget office reported increasing the minimum wage to 9 dollar would lift 300,000 people out pf poverty, and an increase to 10.10 dollars would lift 900,000 people out of poverty (ProCon, 2018). These are staggering numbers yet achievable but what will we do. Finally Political Feasibility would be a dream for a politician to increase the minimum wage and promote a healthier population and prevent premature deaths. A 2014 Human Impact Partners study by Rajiv Bhatia MD found by raising California minimum wage to 13 dollars by 2017 would benefit the health those earning more, they would have enough to eat, exercise, and less likely to suffer from emotional and psychological problems preventing 389 premature deaths a year(ProCon,2008).
Incorporating the minimum wage within the political framework provided insight I did not know and even some I believe could work with studies to back them up. I just wonder will we see real change in the politics of it all.
References
ProCon Orgranization (2018). The Leading Source for Pros and Cons. Retrieved From
https://minimum-wage.procon.org/
Kurtzleben, D. (2013). America’s Complicated Minimum Wage Argument. Retrieved From
https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/02/15/americas-complicated-minimum- wage-argument
Mortgage interest rates are expected to rise considerably in 2018. If the economy grows too fast, The Federal Reserve will have to raise interest rates faster than expected. That could make borrowing money more expensive. If that happens, the likelihood of a recession increases. Not only would this drive up interest rates, but reduce private sector investments and diminish the country’s creditworthiness. When inflation is too low, it can hurt the economy. Businesses get queasy about investing in people and equipment. If prices don’t rise, wages don’t either. But out-of-control inflation can also be harmful. As I see it, the current fiscal path is unsustainable. The Republican tax cuts could not come at a worse time, and I think it will hasten inflation and prematurely bring a recession.
The effectiveness of mortgage interest rates rising is in my opinion, is nonexistent. It is like a dog chasing its own tail. With the passage of the tax reform bill, which essentially lowered the income tax rate, the Federal Reserve raised or is raising mortgage interest rates. So, this essentially takes the money that was saved by paying lower income tax and essentially puts it toward paying the cost associated with a higher mortgage. True, not everyone owns a home. But if you plan to buy one, this will make it considerably more expensive. The efficiency of raising mortgage interest rates is has both equal value and detriment. Keeping mortgage rates low allows more people to afford housing, stimulating the economy. By raising interest rates, the cost of owning a home is more and less people purchase homes, which is a key sign of inflation. Either way, I believe the policy on raising or lowering mortgage interest rates is ethical – the entire point is to maintain a healthy, balanced economy. The equity, or measure of fairness, depends largely on who stands to gain the most. In the case of our current economy, it’s without question that that the restructuring of our tax code largely benefits the ultra wealthy. Had the entire country benefited equally from the tax reforms, then it would have been more equitable. The 2018 tax reform brought little political feasibility, as both political parties were at opposite ends of the restructure. Nonetheless, a compromise was reached. There was little social acceptability or public acceptance from this policy change, and many will end up paying considerably more tax because of it. I believe the administrative feasibility caught citizens off guard. I knew little to nothing of the tax reform until it actually happened. Whatever the case, the government reluctantly came together and enacted the policy. I do not know how technical feasibility plays into all of this, but I could only assume that the Federal Reserve had considerable reservations about the policy due to the fact that inflation will likely rise and mortgage interest rates will go up just because of it.
Links: https://www.express.co.uk/finance/city/902886/world-bank-inflation-interest-western-countries-economic-growth
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2018/01/09/global-economy-set-decade-gloom-world-bank-predicts-recovery/
References
Shapiro, R. (2017). Trump in 2018: What happens when the next recession hits?. Washington: Brookings Institution Press. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/docview/1982588319?accountid=8289
Phil’s stock world: EconMatters expects global recession by 2018 (video) (2016). . Chatham: Newstex. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/docview/1823224390?accountid=8289
Clifford, H. (2017, 07). Preparing for the 2018 recession. Residential Systems, 18, 14-14,4. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezproxy2.apus.edu/docview/1931239402?accountid=8289
Response two PADM-05
The federal minimum wage was put into law with the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 following a long struggle between progressive politicians, labor activists, conservative politicians, and the courts. The law called for a minimum wage of 40 cents per hour, a maximum work week of 44 hours, and also contained a ban on most child-labor (Grossman, 2017). The Cornell Law School- Legal Information Institute narrowly defined the purpose of the original minimum wage as to “stabilize the post-depression economy and protect the workers in the labor force.” However, it would be wrong to leave the purpose at that narrow definition. Presidents Clinton and Obama both tied the concept of a minimum wage to an idea of human dignity, both outside of the workplace through bringing in a respectable income, and inside the workplace, to establish some minimum level of equity in dignity and respect between coworkers. President Obama declared that the lack of a minimum wage was a violation of the American social pact that if an individual works hard, they can succeed (Rogers, 2014). For our purposes here, a somewhat muddy middle ground encompassing human dignity and achieving a basic standard of living should suffice as a purpose.
The minimum wage is not efficient. As an artificial economic mandate on the price of labor it obscures the actual value of labor that has a multitude of negative effects on the market. This hampers economic growth that would help to improve wages under the correct conditions. The minimum wage destroys jobs in areas stricken by poverty as small business owners cannot afford to purchase labor. The minimum wage additionally harms young, low-skill workers as it makes it unprofitable for businesses to hire and train them because those workers simply are not worth the (current) $7.25 an hour. The unpaid internships that we currently see college students taking to gain workplace experience are largely a result of this dynamic (Lee, 2014). There are certainly more efficient ways for the government to ensure a basic standard of living.
The minimum wage is social and culturally feasible while removing it is not. Lee elaborates two separate types of moralities in his piece on the minimum wage: The magnanimous morality and the mundane morality. The magnanimous morality is the kind of morality and ethic displayed towards people whom we know. It is kind. It is generous. Mundane morality is the set of general principles we all abide by with people we do not know: property rights, privacy, etc. (Lee, 2014). The long-standing place that minimum wage holds in our social consciousness has caused us to view it in terms of magnanimous morality even though, as a system, we might have better results if we viewed it via the mundane morality lens.
The minimum wage is ethical in-so-far as any government mandate is ethical. It is applied evenly (with few exceptions) and it is clearly meant for the betterment of people’s lives. Harm to business interests may be unintended, but not to the extent of negligence. Lower income levels are associated with higher rates of infant mortality and low birth weight (Komro et. Al, 2016). Should the minimum wage be revoked without any kind of replacement, many people would certainly fall into poverty, certainly. Both of these facts make a strong argument that revocation of the minimum wage is unethical.
There are alternatives, however. Economics scholar Daniel Shaviro advocates eliminating the minimum wage and allowing low-wage earners to have a ‘negative income tax’’ (Rogers, 2014). A new idea that is gaining some traction around the world is the concept of a basic universal income. In this model, the government simply pays everyone, regardless of employment a set amount of money over a set period of time. Both of these are possible alternatives to the minimum wage.
Cornell Law School- Legal Information Institute – Minimum Wage. Retrieved from: https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/minimum_wage January 30, 2018.
Grossman, J (2017). Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938: Maximum Struggle for a Minimum Wage. Dept of Labor. Retrieved from: https://www.dol.gov/general/aboutdol/history/flsa1938
Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938: Maximum Struggle for a Minimum Wage
Komro, K. A., Livingston, M. D., Markowitz, S., & Wagenaar, A. C. (2016). The Effect of an Increased Minimum Wage on Infant Mortality and Birth Weight. American Journal Of Public Health, 106(8), 1514-1516. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303268
LEE, D. R. (2014). The Two Moralities of the Minimum Wage. Independent Review, 19(1), 37-46.
Rogers, B. (2014). Justice at Work: Minimum Wage Laws and Social Equality. Texas Law Review, 92(6), 1543-1598.
Response PADM-pol-05
The U.S. economic policy that I chose to analyze is taxation, more specifically, how marginal tax rates are determined. At the most basic level taxes are “what we pay for a civilized society” (U.S. Department of the Treasury, 2018). Taxes are revenue that pays for government services such as national defense, infrastructure, and programs like social security, Medicaid, and other safety net programs. Tax laws are enacted at the federal, local, and state level. There are also several different kinds of taxes, the most common is the federal income tax which funds roughly 33% of all annual government expenditures (Amadeo, 2017). While there are a great many policies that make up federal, state, and local taxation and fiscal policy in general, I will focus on how federal income tax rates are determined. The overall goal of maintaining a healthy economy is achieved by finding a balance between tax rates and public spending (Heakal, 2018). Fiscal policy is used to stimulate sluggish economies by decreasing tax rates, increasing consumer spending money, and increasing government spending by buying services like infrastructure repair. This type of government spending creates jobs and wages that in turn stimulate the economy through consumer purchases (Heakal, 2018). Fiscal policy can also be used to increase taxes in order to curb inflation, this also involves decreasing government spending and the amount of money in circulation (Heakal, 2018).
In my analysis of how federal income tax rates are determined, I will look at equity, social acceptability, and ethics using current marginal tax rates. With a framework of how taxes are used and how they effect the economy as a whole in mind, the equity and ethics of marginal taxation rates can be determined. Income taxes at the most basic level are determined by the amount of income generated during a tax year, brackets with a set percentage are assigned to certain levels of income, resulting in the marginal tax rate. The marginal tax rate is the amount of tax paid on an additional dollar of income, and will increase as income rises. This method of taxation aims to fairly tax individuals based upon their earnings; the lower the income, the lower the tax rate (Investopedia, 2017). I’ll use the 2016 marginal tax brackets, for taxes due in 2017 as an example:
15% Bracket: $9,275 to $37,650
25% Bracket: $37,650 to $91,150
28% Bracket: $91,150 to $190,150
33% Bracket: $190,150 to $413,350
35% Bracket: $413,350 to $415,050
39.6% Bracket: $415,050+
The marginal tax system is designed to be equitable. Another example of tax policy equity is how a moderate increase in income, enough to move just into the next tax bracket, is calculated. “When an increase in income pushes you into a higher tax bracket, you only pay the higher tax rate on the portion of your income that exceeds the income threshold for the next-highest tax bracket” (Investopedia, 2014). Take this example from Investopedia:
“Your annual salary increases from $36,000 to $38,000. Your previous tax rate was 15% or $5400. Many people incorrectly think that whereas they previously paid a tax of 15% of $36,000, or $5,400, leaving them with $30,600 in take-home pay, after their salary increase and tax bracket change, they will pay a tax of 25% on $38,000, or $9,500, leaving them with $28,500 in take-home pay.
However, you pay different tax rates on different portions of your income. The first dollars you earn are taxed at the lowest rate, and the last dollars you earn are taxed at the highest rate. In this case, you paid a 10% tax on the first $9,075 you earned ($907.50). On the remaining $22,975 of income ($32,050 – $9,075), you were paying a 15% tax ($3.446.25). Your total tax was $4,353.75, not $5,400. While your marginal tax rate was 15%, your effective tax rate was lower, at 12% ($4,353.75/$36,000).”
Two other important factors that help determine marginal tax rate are exemptions or tax breaks and filing status, which help determine how much of your income is taxable. Filing status takes into account factors like how many people you support, how many incomes you have, and help determine how much tax you are responsible for.
Where the ethics and equity of the marginal tax rate tends to break down, is at the highest income levels. The Washington Post posits that a “Premium placed on tax efficiency tends to favor the rich.” One of the roles of the federal income tax is to redistribute wealth from the well-off to the poor by using taxes to finance programs like welfare, food-stamps, and low-income housing (Kilborn, 1988). The social acceptability of this concept varies, and it is closely tied to both ethics and equity. Some argue that those who use programs or services the most, should shoulder most of the burden of cost to maintain them. However, in the case of social programs they are utilized the most by those who have the lowest ability to pay. The ability to pay is another core concept in the tax equity argument. The ability to pay principle can be summed up like this: “It is fair for people to pay taxes based on their capability to handle the financial burden. Progressive taxes, such as the individual income tax system in the United States, are based on the ability-to-pay principle. A progressive tax is a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger percentage of their income than do low-income taxpayers. The U.S. individual income tax structure is based on income minus deductions, and the marginal tax rate rises as income rises” (Buck, 1970). It would be both unethical and inefficient to ask a low-income family to pay $1000 in taxes towards programs that they utilize because they cannot afford the necessities of life, this transfer in no way increases their net income (Buck, 1970). Returning to social acceptability, it is closely tied to equity and the perception of fairness. Different tax payers may have differing ideas of what is fair, using income taxes to provide a social safety net may not be perceived as fair to higher income earners who fund social programs but do not utilize them. This argument is often a political one. There are differing ideas among policymakers about the extent of aid that should be provided by the government and how taxes should be used to fund that aid. These ideas often impact whether or not income tax rates and their uses are perceived as equitable, ethical, efficient, and socially acceptable.
References:
U.S. Department of the Treasury. (n.d.). Retrieved January 31, 2018, from https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/faqs/Taxes/Pages/taxes-society.aspx
Amadeo, K. (2017, December). Why Do We Have to Pay Taxes? Retrieved January 31, 2018, from https://www.thebalance.com/why-do-we-pay-taxes-4067684
Heakal, R. (2018, January 11). What is Fiscal Policy? Retrieved January 31, 2018, from https://www.investopedia.com/insights/what-is-fiscal-policy/
Staff, I. (2017, February 16). Marginal Tax Rate. Retrieved January 31, 2018, from https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marginaltaxrate.asp
Kilborn, P. T. (1988, December 09). Tax System: Efficiency vs. Fairness. Retrieved January 31, 2018, from http://www.nytimes.com/1988/12/10/business/tax-system-efficiency-vs-fairness.html?pagewanted=all
Buck, J. (1970, January 01). Economic Perspectives. Retrieved January 31, 2018, from http://econperspectives.blogspot.com/2008/12/equity-of-tax-system.html
Response for PADMl-05
For my week five forum I decided to provide an analysis on the minimum wage issue in America. Of course as we all know this has been a hot button topic in our society and one that does not seem as if it is going away anytime soon. First and foremost the cost and benefit of raising the minimum wage for the poorest Americans has gone on for years. (Kurtzleben, 2013). As American citizens this is a topic that we ponder on because of our American value system and looking out for our fellow man and woman. Analyzing some numbers 7.25 an hour at 40 hours a week would earn $15,100 per year, while increasing to $9.00 per year would average out to be around 18,700 yearly(Kurtzleben, 2013). Using this argument we must keep in mind the spending trends of less fortunate Americans versus those that are well of. Americans with less money tend to spend more money on everyday items such as necessities that more well of Americans. African Americans spend trillions of dollars clothes, shoes, and other items where some more well of may spend money on these items but have the resources to do so. Poor Americans spend extra money readily than higher earners for items such toothpaste and other necessities (Kurtzleben, 2013). So will increasing the minimum wage provide more money but not address financial literacy? There is also the aspect of a rise in unemployment as employers being forced to higher fewer workers due to the increase in the minimum wage (Kurtzleben, 2013).
Policy Framework
When analyzing the effectiveness of a proposed policy let’s take a look at what effect increasing the minimum wage would have on the economy, the increase in economic activity and job growth. The Economic Policy Institute studied how a rate increase to 7.25 an hour 10.10 an hour would pump 22.1 billion dollars into the economy and create 85,000 new jobs (ProCon, 2018). In addition as we read in regard to the federal reserve bank they back this information by announcing that a 1.75 increase in income would increase household spending by 48 million(ProCon, 2008). Efficiency can be addressed as higher minimum range would reduce government welfare spending (ProCom, 2008). The logic here is that low income individuals look less toward the government for benefits, but take pride in providing for their family. The Center for American Progress reported in 2014 that raising the minimum wage by 6% to 10.10 dollars would reduce spending on the Supplemental Nutrition Program by 6 percent or 4.6 billion(ProCon, 2008). As it relates to equity within the policy framework the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development emphasizes The United States has one of the highest levels of income inequality.(ProCon, 2008). As a civilized country with so many resources to go around it seems unimaginable that we would be on such a list. Equity is one of the key elements of political framework. The success of the whole equals the success of the nation. In 2012 the richest 1percent of the U.S. population earned 22.83 percent of the nation’s total pretax income resulting in the widest gap between the rich and the poor since the 1920’s (ProCon, 2008) Social Feasibility which is a measurement of public acceptance of a proposed policy increasing the minimum wage would increase worker productivity and reduce employee turnover. There are two issues that run parallel here, the more wages increase equals increase in productivity (ProCon, 2018). In 2014 Alan Manning a professor at the London School of Economics summarized that when the minimum wage rises and work becomes more attractive, labor turnover rate and absenteeism tend to decline (ProCon 2008). These are not hard concepts but to put them into action takes a determined leader and detailed studies. . Administrative feasibility which is the ability to implement a proposed policy stands a lot to gain from an administrative standpoint. Raising the minimum wage would increase school attendance and decrease high school dropout Arates (ProCon, 2008). In a 2014 California Study the minimum wage was raised to 13 dollars which increased incomes for families by 7.5 million dollars meaning fewer children in poverty the study goes on to prove that children in poverty miss more school time so by increasing the minimum wage would mean fewer days of school missed by children(ProCon, 2018). This study should give the administrative feasibility a huge boost when it comes to our futures which are our kids. As we look at ethics within the political framework which deals with cultural norms we could change the norm to a new normal. According to ProCon.org increasing the minimum wage would reduce poverty (PrpCcon, 2008). What bigger ethical achievement is there than having the ability to reduce poverty in a wealthy country such as the United States of America? The 2014 Congressional Budget office reported increasing the minimum wage to 9 dollar would lift 300,000 people out pf poverty, and an increase to 10.10 dollars would lift 900,000 people out of poverty (ProCon, 2018). These are staggering numbers yet achievable but what will we do. Finally Political Feasibility would be a dream for a politician to increase the minimum wage and promote a healthier population and prevent premature deaths. A 2014 Human Impact Partners study by Rajiv Bhatia MD found by raising California minimum wage to 13 dollars by 2017 would benefit the health those earning more, they would have enough to eat, exercise, and less likely to suffer from emotional and psychological problems preventing 389 premature deaths a year(ProCon,2008).
Incorporating the minimum wage within the political framework provided insight I did not know and even some I believe could work with studies to back them up. I just wonder will we see real change in the politics of it all.
References
ProCon Orgranization (2018). The Leading Source for Pros and Cons. Retrieved From
https://minimum-wage.procon.org/
Kurtzleben, D. (2013). America’s Complicated Minimum Wage Argument. Retrieved From
https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/02/15/americas-complicated-minimum- wage-argument