Posted on

social statistics

 
1An error that occurs because of chance is called:
 
mean error
 
probability error
 
sampling error
 
nonsampling error
 
2For a goodness-of-fit test, the frequencies obtained from the performance of an experiment are the:
expected frequencies
objective frequencies
observed frequencies
subjective frequencies
 
3In a hypothesis test, a Type I error occurs when:
a true null hypothesis is rejected
a true null hypothesis is not rejected
a false null hypothesis is rejected
a false null hypothesis is not rejected
 
4Which of the following assumptions is not required to use ANOVA?
 
The populations from which the samples are drawn have the same variance.
 
The samples drawn from different populations are random and independent.
 
All samples are of the same size.
 
The populations from which the samples are drawn are (approximately) normally distributed.
 
5A researcher wants to test if elementary school children spend less than 30 minutes per day on homework. The alternative hypothesis for this example will be that the population mean is:
 
not equal to 30 minutes
 
less than or equal to 30 minutes
 
less than 30 minutes
 
equal to 30 minutes
 
 
6The model y = A + Bx is a:
 
nonlinear model
 
deterministic model
 
probabilistic model
 
stochastic model
 
 
7A sample of 16 from a population produced a mean of 86.9 and a standard deviation of 14.3. A sample of 18 from another population produced a mean of 75.4 and a standard deviation of 15.9. Assume that the two populations are normally distributed and the standard deviations of the two populations are equal. The null hypothesis is that the two population means are equal, while the alternative hypothesis is that the mean of the first population is greater than the man of the second population. The significance level is 1%.
What is the critical value of t for the hypothesis test?
 
2.441
 
2.733
 
2.449
 
2.738
 
8Two events are independent if the occurrence of one event:
 
means that the second event cannot occur.
 
does not affect the probability of the occurrence of the other event.
 
affects the probability of the occurrence of the other event.
 
means that the second event is certain to occur.
 
9You toss a coin nine times and observe 3 heads and 6 tails. This event is a:
 
simple event
 
multinomial sample point
 
multiple outcome
 
compound event
 
10The p-value is the:
 
smallest significance level at which the null hypothesis can be rejected
 
largest significance level at which the alternative hypothesis can be rejected
 
smallest significance level at which the null hypothesis cannot be rejected
 
largest significance level at which the null hypothesis can be rejected
 
11 A researcher wants to test if the mean annual salary of all lawyers in a city is different than $110,000. The null hypothesis for this example will be that the population mean is:
 
not equal to $110,000
 
greater than to $110,000
 
less than to $110,000
 
equal to $110,000
 
12 To make tests of hypotheses about more than two population means, we use the:
 
analysis of variance distribution
 
chi-square distribution
 
t distribution
 
normal distribution
 
 
13 In a game of four-handed Hearts, all 52 cards of a standard deck are dealt, so that each player starts each round with 13 cards in a hand. Suppose player A’s hand has three clubs, six diamonds, two hearts, and two spades. What is the relative frequency of spades, rounded to two decimal places, dealt to player A?
 
0.25
 
0.75
 
1.5
 
0.15
 
14 In a one-way ANOVA, we analyze only one:
 
population
 
variable
 
mean
 
Sample
 
15  The regression model y = A + Bx + e is:
 
an exact relationship
 
a nonlinear model
 
a deterministic model
 
a probabilistic model
 
16 In a hypothesis test, a Type II error occurs when:
 
a false null hypothesis is not rejected
 
a false null hypothesis is rejected
 
a true null hypothesis is rejected
 
a true null hypothesis is not rejected
 
17  A qualitative variable is the only type of variable that:
 
can assume an uncountable set of values
 
cannot be graphed
 
can assume numerical values
 
cannot be measured numerically
 
18  A continuous random variable x has a right-skewed distribution with a mean of 80 and a standard deviation of 12. The sampling distribution of the sample mean for a sample of 50 elements taken from this population is:
 
not normal
 
approximately normal
 
skewed to the right
 
skewed to the left
 
 
19  For a one-tailed test, the p-value is:
 
twice the area under the curve between the mean and the observed value of the sample statistic
 
twice the area under the curve to the same side of the value of the sample statistic as is specified in the alternative hypothesis
 
the area under the curve between the mean and the observed value of the sample statistic
 
the area under the curve to the same side of the value of the sample statistic as is specified in the alternative hypothesis
 
20  A quantitative variable is the only type of variable that can:
 
be graphed
 
have no intermediate values
 
assume numeric values for which arithmetic operations make sense
 
be used to prepare tables
 
 
21  If you divide the number of elements in a sample with a specific characteristic by the total number of elements in the sample, the dividend is the:
 
sample proportion
 
sampling distribution
 
sample mean
 
sample distribution
 
22  We can use the analysis of variance procedure to test hypotheses about:
 
two or more population means
 
the proportion of one population
 
two or more population proportions
 
the mean of one population
 
23  Which of the following pairs of events are mutually exclusive?
 
Female and no
 
Female and male
 
Male and yes
 
Female and yes
 
24  The mean of a discrete random variable is the mean of its:
 
probability distribution
 
frequency distribution
 
percentage distribution
 
second and third quartiles
 
25  In a survey regarding job satisfaction, 574 in a sample of 934 female job-holders stated that they are satisfied with their jobs, while 500 in a sample of 755 male job-holders stated that they are satisfied with their jobs. The null hypothesis is that the proportions of all female and male job-holders who are satisfied with their jobs are the same. The alternative hypothesis is that the proportion of female job-holders who are satisfied with their jobs is lower than the proportion of male job-holders stated who are satisfied with their jobs. The significance level is 2.5%.
 
What is the critical value of z for the hypothesis test?
 
-2.05
 
-1.96
 
-2.17
 
-2.33
 
26  For small degrees of freedom, the chi-square distribution is:
 
skewed to the right
 
rectangular
 
skewed to the left
 
Symmetric
27 The mean of a discrete random variable is its:
 
second quartile
 
upper hinge
 
expected value
 
box-and-whisker measure
 
 
28  A linear regression:
 
gives a relationship between two variables that can be described by a line
 
gives a relationship between two variables that cannot be described by a line
 
contains only two variables
 
gives a relationship between three variables that can be described by a line
 
 
29  Two paired or matched samples would imply that:
 
two data values are collected from the same source (elements) for two independent samples
 
data are collected on two variables from the elements of two independent samples
 
data are collected on one variable from the elements of two independent samples
 
two data values are collected from the same source (elements) for two dependent samples
 
30  The alternative hypothesis is a claim about a:
 
parameter, where the claim is assumed to be true until it is declared false
 
parameter, where the claim is assumed to be true if the null hypothesis is declared false
 
statistic, where the claim is assumed to be true if the null hypothesis is declared false
 
 
statistic, where the claim is assumed to be false until it is declared true

Posted on

Sociology Essay

Watch the video titled, “From school yard bullying to genocide: Barbara Coloroso at TEDxCalgary” (19 min 5 s) located below. You may also view the video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zkG0nssouFg.
Write a one to two (1-2) page essay in which you:

  1. Identify the most important step in the student’s guide to research that you would need in order to analyze bullying.
  2. Define the identified critical step of research in your words.
  3. Explain how bullying relates to one (1)of the following topics:
    1. the agents of socialization (i.e., family, teachers and school, peers),
    2. formal organizations (i.e., conformity to groups),
    3. different types of deviance (i.e., everyday deviance, sexual deviance, or criminal deviance).

Provide a rationale for your response.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

  • Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides. Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
  • To keep this essay short and manageable, your only sources for the essay should be the TED video and the sections noted in your text. For this reason, APA citations or references are not required for this assignment.
  • Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page is not included in the required assignment page length.

The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:

  • Define the basic concepts used in the discipline of sociology.
  • Define the various methodologies for sociological research.
  • Identify the sociological perspective to the inequalities of class, race, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, socioeconomics, and political aspects.
  • Use technology and information resources to research issues in sociology.
  • Write clearly and concisely about sociology using proper writing mechanics.
Posted on

Visual Dysfunction and Mental Health

  • The paper must show meaning made and synthesis of the articles’ content, rather than being a series of article summaries, and will conclude with a minimum of two paragraphs articulating suggestions for future research on the same topic arising from the 6 to 8 articles.  Writing in this assignment must be in objective voice with no use of first-person “I” or second-person “you” pronouns or personal experience or opinion sharing.
     
    This paper needs to be about visual dysfuntion and how it affects mental health.
     
    5 pages in length. Single spaced. APA format. NO PLAGARISM.
     
    Use the following references:
     
    References:
    American Foundation for the Blind (2017). Facts and Figures on Adults with Vision Loss. Retrieved August 17, 2017, from: http://www.afb.org/info/blindness-statistics/adults/facts-and-figures/235
     
    Broman, A. T., Munoz, B., Rodriguez, J., Sanchez, R., Quigley, H. A., Klein, R., … & West, S. K. (2002). The impact of visual impairment and eye disease on vision-related quality of life in a Mexican-American population: Proyecto VER. Investigative ophthalmology & visual science, 43(11), 3393-3398.
     
    Gagnon, J. F., Vendette, M., Postuma, R. B., Desjardins, C., Massicotte‐Marquez, J., Panisset, M., & Montplaisir, J. (2009). Mild cognitive impairment in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and Parkinson’s disease. Annals of neurology, 66(1), 39-47.
     
    Moschos, M. M. (2014). Physiology and psychology of vision and its disorders: A review.Medical hypothesis, discovery and innovation in ophthalmology, 3(3), 83.
     
    Shapiro, F., & Solomon, R. M. (1995). Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
     
    The National Council on Aging (1999) The Consequences of Untreated Hearing Loss in Older Persons. Retrieved on August 17, 2017 from: https://www.ncoa.org/wp-content/uploads/NCOA-Study-1999.pdf
     
    World Blindness Overview (2008). Himalayan Cataract Project. Retrieved on 15 September 2009 from www.cureblindness.org
Posted on

International Financial Reporting Standards

Primary Task Response: Within the Discussion Board area, write 400–600 words that respond to the following questions with your thoughts, ideas, and comments. This will be the foundation for future discussions by your classmates. Be substantive and clear, and use examples to reinforce your ideas:
With the move toward a common set of global accounting standards, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) has created the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) to meet this goal. 

  • Research the IASB, and discuss its structure.
  • Provide a brief history for this organization.
  • Compare and contrast the differences between principles- and rules-based approaches when setting accounting standards.
  • Share what you feel are 2 barriers and 2 benefits that could be encountered with the move toward a single set of accounting standards.
Posted on

challenges in society

provide a brief history of the sex offender notification/registration in the United States and explain the specific sex offender registration laws in your state (or a state that you are curious about).Expound upon ways to effectively manage high-risk sex offenders in our communities; consider challenges they may experience when attempting to reintegrate back into society. From a Christian viewpoint, justify whether or not life-long sex offender registration is a just concept.

Posted on

Developing Psychoeducational Materials for Children

In this interactive assignment, you will create a story for children to educate them about psychological assessment. To begin, select a targeted developmental or reading level pre-K through grade 6. Review the elements required for each section of your storybook below.
 
Review the information in Chapter 5 of your textbook corresponding to the assessments appropriate for the age group you selected and review the Mental Health Assessment (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.(2013) article for examples of information provided to the public about psychological testing. You may choose any appropriate title for your story. Be sure to address each of the following questions in your storybook in an age-appropriate manner:

  • Why is the character in the story being referred for testing?
  • Who will conduct the assessment?
  • What is being measured?
  • How long will testing take?
  • Who will be present during the assessment process? If not in the room, where will parents and/or guardians be while the character in the story is being tested?
  • How will the results be used? Who will have access to the results (e.g., medical doctor, family, the court, teachers), and why? This will vary depending on the character and plot in your story.
  • How will the tests be taken?
  • What will be the outcome of the assessment? How will the information be used? How might this information impact the life of the character in your story?

Include content to address any developmentally appropriate fears that individuals of the age group you selected may have. For example, young children commonly associate going to the doctor with getting a shot.
Be sure to include all the required material from the instructions above in your online storybook. Once you have created your storybook, include the link in your initial post. In your initial post, note the age or grade level for the target audience of the story. Briefly analyze and comment on the challenges and benefits related to explaining psychological assessment concepts using language that is developmentally appropriate for children. Compare at least two assessment instruments used to assess intelligence or achievement for the age group you selected. Include in-text citations and references for all sources used.
Resource:
GreGregory, R. J. (2014). Psychological testing: History, principles, and applications (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.

  • This text is a Constellation™ course digital materials (CDM) title.

https://content.ashford.edu/books/Gregory.8055.17.1/sections/ch05

Posted on

Ethical and Professional Issues in Psychology Testing

 
Create a PowerPoint presentation with 16 to 20 slides (not including the title and reference slides) entitled Ethical and Professional Issues in Psychological Testing. Your presentation must provide 2 to 3 slides for each of the required topics and include appropriate citations of your referenced sources. Separate reference slides, which follow APA formatting guidelines for a References page, must be included at the end of the presentation. You must create your own template and organize your presentation in the sequence provided. Do not use a font smaller than 20 pt. You are encouraged to insert relevant figures and graphics. Make sure to appropriately cite any images you use. If you include a table or figure from a journal article, cite it according to APA guidelines. The notes section of each slide must include the text for oral comments you would make while presentating the materials to a live audience.
References must be cited according to APA guidelines as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site.. For assistance with creating a visually engaging and readable presentation, you may review Garr Reynolds’s tips for creating presentations (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site..
The presentation must cover each of the following topics in the order presented below.
The Ethical and Social Implications of Testing

  • Provide an overview and brief evaluation of the ethical and social implications of psychological assessment.

Professional Responsibilities

  • Describe the responsibilities of both test publishers and test users.

Testing Individuals Representing Cultural and Linguistic Diversity

  • Analyze and describe issues related to the testing of cultural and linguistic minorities.

Reliability

  • Explain the common sources of measurement error and how measurement error can impact reliability.

Validity 

  • Create a diagram or figure to compare the types of validity discussed in the textbook.
  • Describe the extravalidity concerns related to testing.
  • Review the articles by Fergus (2013), Kosson, et al. (2013) and Mathieu, Hare, Jones, Babiak, & Neumann (2013). Analyze the information presented in these articles on factor analysis and describe how it is used to validate the constructs of the instruments.

Clinical Versus Statistical Prediction

  • Compare clinical and statistical prediction of mental health decisions based on the work of Ægisdóttir, et al. (2006) and Grove & Lloyd (2006).

Application One: An Ethical and Professional Quandry

Application Two: Evidence-Based Medicine

  • Summarize Youngstrom’s (2013) recommendations for linking assessment directly to clinical decision making in evidence-based medicine.
  • Elaborate on each of Youngstrom’s recommendations by providing practical examples that illustrate the relevance of the recommendations in a clinical setting.

Application Three: Selecting Valid Instruments

  • Create a research hypothesis or brief clinical case scenario in which you must select an instrument to measure intolerance for uncertainty.
  • Use the information in the Fergus (2013) article to support which measure to use.

The presentation

o    Title of presentation
o    Student’s name
o    Course name and number
o    Instructor’s name
o    Date submitted

  • Must use the assigned chapters in the course text, Standard 9 from the American Psychological Association’s Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, and the 3 required peer-reviewed articles assigned for Week One.
  • Must document all sources in APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.
  • Must include separate reference slides formatted according to APA style as outlined in the Ashford Writing Center.

Resources
Text
Gregory, R. J. (2014). Psychological testing: History, principles, and applications (7th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.

  • Chapter 1: Applications and Consequences of Psychological Testing
  • Chapter 3: Norms and Reliability
  • Chapter 4: Validity and Test Development

Articles
Ægisdóttir, S., White, M. J., Spengler, P. M., Maugherman, A. S., Anderson, L. A., Cook, R. S., Nichols, C. N.,…Rush, J. D. (2006). The meta-analysis of clinical judgment project: Fifty-six years of accumulated research on clinical versus statistical prediction. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(3), 341-382. doi:10.1177/0011000005285875

  • The full-text version of this article can be accessed through the Sage Journals database in the Ashford University Library. The authors of this article analyzed data from 67 studies and provide recommendations about when and under what conditions counseling psychologists might use statistical formulas as well as when they can rely on clinical methods.

Grove, W. M., & Lloyd, M. (2006). Meehl’s contribution to clinical versus statistical prediction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(2), 192-194. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.115.2.192

  • The full-text version of this article can be accessed through the EBSCOhost database in the Ashford University Library. The authors provide an introduction to the concepts of statistical and clinical prediction. They also review the contributions of Paul E. Meehl’s work on this controversial topic.

Youngstrom, E. A. (2013). Future directions in psychological assessment: Combining evidence-based medicine innovations with psychology’s historical strengths to enhance utility. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 42(1), 139-159. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2012.736358.

  • The full-text version of this article can be accessed through the EBSCOhost database in the Ashford University Library. The author presents an approach to clinical practice in which the evidence-based medicine (EBM) perspective is integrated with psychological assessment practices to enhance clinical decision making.